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Score from splitting 1000 coins down to singletons

Question

Begin with one heap of 10001000 coins. At each step choose a heap of size at least 22, divide it into two heaps of sizes aa and bb, and score abab points. Continue until every heap holds one coin. What total score results?

Short answer

499,500499{,}500, whatever splits you make. Each split of aa and bb separates exactly abab pairs of coins, and every pair of coins is separated exactly once, so the total is (10002)=499500\binom{1000}{2}=499500. (Induction on nn shows the score is always n(n−1)/2n(n-1)/2.)

Adapted from Zhou, A Practical Guide to Quantitative Finance Interviews, sec. 2.8 Math Induction, 'Coin split problem', p.26; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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