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Frog tour of eight pads with a single backward hop

Question

Eight lily pads in a row are numbered 11 to 88 from left to right, and a frog starts on pad 11. On every hop it jumps to a pad it has never visited, chosen uniformly from those still unvisited, until all eight pads have been visited. What is the probability that exactly one of its hops goes to the left?

Short answer

142\tfrac{1}{42}. The visiting order of pads 2,…,82,\dots,8 is a uniformly random permutation of seven items, and leftward hops are its descents (the first hop is always rightward). Permutations of 77 items with exactly one descent number 27−8=1202^7-8=120 (the Eulerian number), so the probability is 1205040=142\tfrac{120}{5040}=\tfrac1{42}.

Adapted from QuantQuestions.io; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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