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Even number of heads with one fair coin in the mix

Question

You toss nn coins at once. Exactly one of them is fair; each of the remaining n−1n-1 comes up heads with probability λ\lambda, where 0<λ<10<\lambda<1. What is the probability that the total number of heads is even?

Short answer

1/21/2. Condition on the other n−1n-1 coins: whatever the parity of their heads count, the fair coin flips the overall parity with probability exactly 1/21/2. So the total is even with probability 12\tfrac12 regardless of λ\lambda and nn.

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