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Gamma of an at-the-money option near expiry

Question

Consider a European option whose strike equals the current underlying price. Describe what happens to its gamma as the time remaining to expiry goes to zero.

Short answer

It grows without bound. Gamma is Γ=n(d1)Sστ\Gamma=\dfrac{n(d_1)}{S\sigma\sqrt\tau} and at the money n(d1)→n(0)n(d_1)\to n(0), so Γ∼1/τ→∞\Gamma\sim1/\sqrt\tau\to\infty. Intuitively, delta must jump from near 00 to near 11 over an ever smaller price range around the strike, whereas gamma for options away from the strike decays to zero.

Adapted from Zhou, A Practical Guide to Quantitative Finance Interviews, sec. 6.2 The Greeks, 'Gamma', p.152; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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