Skip to content

Constant bounded entire function by comparing two values

Question

Suppose ff is analytic at every point of C\mathbb{C} and ∣f∣≤M|f|\le M everywhere. Without quoting Liouville's theorem, prove that f(a)=f(b)f(a)=f(b) for any two points a,ba,b.

Short answer

Use Cauchy's integral formula on a large circle. For ∣z∣=R|z|=R large, f(a)−f(b)=a−b2πi∮f(z)(z−a)(z−b) dzf(a)-f(b)=\frac{a-b}{2\pi i}\oint\frac{f(z)}{(z-a)(z-b)}\,dz. The integrand is O(M/R2)O(M/R^2) on a contour of length 2πR2\pi R, so the right side is O(M∣a−b∣/R)→0O(M|a-b|/R)\to0, forcing f(a)=f(b)f(a)=f(b).

Adapted from Joshi, Denson & Downes, Quant Job Interview Questions and Answers, Q6.14, p.190; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

See the hint and the full worked solution in the question bank (free account).

Open the worked solution