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Top two seeds meeting in a king-of-the-hill final

Question

Fifty players numbered 11 to 5050 share a single table; whenever two players meet, the higher number always wins. The first match is between two players chosen at random. After each match the loser is eliminated and the winner plays a new opponent drawn at random from those who have not yet played, until only one player is left (4949 matches). What is the probability that the last match is between players 4949 and 5050?

Short answer

1/251/25. The order in which players enter is a uniformly random permutation. Once 4949 or 5050 is in, they keep winning, so 4949 and 5050 meet in the final exactly when one of them is the very last player to enter. Each has probability 150\tfrac1{50} of being last, giving 250=125\tfrac2{50}=\tfrac1{25}.

Adapted from QuantQuestions.io; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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