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Making a biased-coin race against a fair coin even

Question

Abby and Ben take turns tossing coins, Abby first; the first person to toss a head wins. Ben's coin is fair, while Abby's comes up heads with probability pp. For what value of pp do the two have the same probability of winning?

Short answer

p=13p=\tfrac13. A full round with no winner has probability (1−p)⋅12(1-p)\cdot\tfrac12, so Abby wins with probability p1−(1−p)/2=2p1+p\dfrac{p}{1-(1-p)/2}=\dfrac{2p}{1+p}. Setting this equal to 12\tfrac12 gives 4p=1+p4p=1+p, so p=13p=\tfrac13.

Adapted from QuantQuestions.io; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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