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Keep or pay to discard cards for an average payout

Question

A shuffled deck contains 100100 cards valued 11 to 100100. Cards are turned over one at a time, and for each one you choose to keep it or throw it away, paying $1 for every card you throw away. At the end you receive the average value of the cards you kept. What strategy is optimal, and what is the expected profit?

Short answer

Keep every card; expected profit $50.50. Any discarding is best done on the lowest cards, and throwing away all cards below kk yields an average of 100+k2\tfrac{100+k}{2} at a cost of k−1k-1, i.e. a profit of 51−k251-\tfrac k2, which falls as kk grows. So k=1k=1 is optimal, giving 1012\tfrac{101}{2}.

Adapted from QuantQuestions.io; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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