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Expected time for an upward-biased walk to reach 7

Question

A particle on the integers starts at 00 and at each step moves +1+1 with probability 23\tfrac23 or −1-1 with probability 13\tfrac13. Find the expected number of steps until it first reaches 77 (or say if this is infinite).

Short answer

2121. Reaching 7 means seven successive first-passages up by one level, each with the same mean. For one level, e=1+13⋅2ee=1+\tfrac13\cdot2e gives e=3e=3 (equivalently, distance divided by the drift 13\tfrac13). So the answer is 7⋅3=217\cdot3=21.

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