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Flaw in hedging a call by buying above the strike

Question

A trader has sold an out-of-the-money call. He says he can hedge it at no cost: whenever the stock rises through the strike he buys one share, and whenever it falls back through the strike he sells it, so at expiry he holds a share exactly when the call is in the money. What is wrong with this argument?

Short answer

He cannot trade exactly at the strike, and the small losses on each crossing do not vanish. In practice he buys at K+εK+\varepsilon and sells at K−εK-\varepsilon, losing about 2ε2\varepsilon per round trip. A diffusion that hits KK recrosses it infinitely often in any short interval, so as ε→0\varepsilon\to0 the number of crossings grows like 1/ε1/\varepsilon and the expected total cost stays positive; it equals the option's value (the local time at the strike).

Adapted from Joshi, Denson & Downes, Quant Job Interview Questions and Answers, Q2.33, p.19; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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