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Digital call pricing and the trouble with hedging it

Question

Under geometric Brownian motion with rate rr and volatility σ\sigma, find the price of a European cash-or-nothing call that pays $1 if ST>KS_T>K and nothing otherwise. How would you hedge this option, and what makes the hedge hard in practice?

Short answer

e−rTN(d2)e^{-rT}N(d_2), with d2=ln⁡(S/K)+(r−σ2/2)TσTd_2=\frac{\ln(S/K)+(r-\sigma^2/2)T}{\sigma\sqrt T}. It is the discounted risk-neutral probability of finishing in the money. Its delta e−rTn(d2)/(SσT)e^{-rT}n(d_2)/(S\sigma\sqrt T) spikes near the strike close to expiry, so delta hedging becomes unstable; traders instead approximate the digital with a tight call spread (long C(K−ϵ)C(K-\epsilon), short C(K+ϵ)C(K+\epsilon), scaled by 1/2ϵ1/2\epsilon), accepting some overhedge cost.

Adapted from Zhou, A Practical Guide to Quantitative Finance Interviews, sec. 6.3 Option Portfolios and Exotic Options, 'Binary options', p.159; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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