Parity of red balls decides the final colour
Question
A bag starts with blue and red balls. Repeatedly, you take out two balls: if they are the same colour you put back one blue ball, and if they differ you put back one red ball. This continues until a single ball is left. What colour is it? What changes if the bag starts with red balls instead?
Short answer
Blue with red balls; red with . Each step either leaves the number of red balls unchanged or lowers it by two, so its parity never changes. With an even start the red count can reach , so the last ball is blue; with an odd start at least one red always remains, so the last ball is red.
Adapted from Zhou, A Practical Guide to Quantitative Finance Interviews, sec. 2.3 Thinking Out of the Box, 'Last ball', p.12; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.
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Open the worked solutionLessons behind this question
- Sample Spaces, Events, and the Probability Axioms
- Conditional Probability, Total Probability, and Bayes' Rule
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