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Parity of red balls decides the final colour

Question

A bag starts with 2020 blue and 1414 red balls. Repeatedly, you take out two balls: if they are the same colour you put back one blue ball, and if they differ you put back one red ball. This continues until a single ball is left. What colour is it? What changes if the bag starts with 1313 red balls instead?

Short answer

Blue with 1414 red balls; red with 1313. Each step either leaves the number of red balls unchanged or lowers it by two, so its parity never changes. With an even start the red count can reach 00, so the last ball is blue; with an odd start at least one red always remains, so the last ball is red.

Adapted from Zhou, A Practical Guide to Quantitative Finance Interviews, sec. 2.3 Thinking Out of the Box, 'Last ball', p.12; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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