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Square root of a six-digit number in your head

Question

Describe how you would find the square root of a six-digit number mentally.

Short answer

The root has three digits; bracket it, then refine. Use the first three digits to find the hundreds and tens digits (e.g. N=556,516N=556{,}516: 7402=547,600740^2=547{,}600 and 7502=562,500750^2=562{,}500, so the root is in the 740s). If NN is a perfect square, the last digit narrows the units digit to two options (66 means 44 or 66), and comparing with 7452=555,025745^2=555{,}025 picks 746746. Otherwise refine with Newton's step N≈a+N−a22a\sqrt N\approx a+\tfrac{N-a^2}{2a}.

Adapted from Crack, Heard on the Street, Q5.5.21, p.55; question and answer rewritten by SelfMadeQuant.com.

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